• The Sumerian kalam: the land (of Sumer); nation.

• Sumerian eme-gir₁₅: Sumerian ('tongue' + 'noble').
  
• Sumerian sag-gi₆(-ga): black-headed people; Sumerians ('head' + 'black').
  
• Sumerian un sag-gi₆: black-headed people = Sumerians ('people' + 'heads' + 'black').
  
• Sumerian gíg, gíg, gi₆, ge₆, gi₆, ge₆, mi, mé, ku₁₀: n., night; v., to be black or dark (ku₁₀: reduplication class); adj., black, dark (cf., kúkku).
  

• Sumerian a-gi₆: flood ('water' + 'black').
  

• 1. Eridug (Eridu)- with 2 kings for 64,800 years or 18 sar.
  • If 3,600 years for each sar, is actually 3,600 days, then the value could equal 180 years.
  • If a sar were equal to 18 years and 11 days, then it would be 333 years.   
  • Many scholars believe that the Sumerians date to 3500 B.C.   
  • I propose the first king to be equal to the son of Seth, the Biblical Enos (Enosh) beginning around 7031-7331 B.C..
  • The second king would equate to Kenan (Cainan), between 6696-7196 B.C.
    
  
  
• 2. Bad-tibira- with 3 kings for 108,000 years or 30 sar.
  • If recalculated these three kings would be 300 years or 540 years and 330 days.   
  • Thus the first would be the Biblical Mahalel (Mahaleel) occurring between 6696-7196 B.C..
  • Then the second would be Jared, between 6534-7134 B.C..
  • The last would be Enoch, between 6360-7069 B.C.
    
  
  
• 3. Larag (Larak)- with 1 king for 28,800 years, or 8 sar.
  • If recalculated could equal 80 to 148 years.   
  • I propose this as the Biblical Methuselah, between 6202-7002 B.C.
    
  
  
• 4. Zimbir (Sippar)- had 1 king for 21,000 years, or 5 sar and 5 ner.
  • If recalculated could equal 58 years and 120 days.   
  • I propose, this as the Biblical Lamech, who had a son Noah, and lived between 6014-6600 B.C.
    
  
  
• 5. Curuppag (Shuruppak)- with 1 king for 18,600 years.
  • If recalculated then one king ruled for 51 years and 240 days.
  • I propose this to be the Biblical Noah, who lived to be 950 years old, and had a son Shem at age 500, between 5514-6100 B.C.    In this case the Flood was about to occur, and Noah would continue to rule.   
  • The Sumerian Flood hero (the early Noah) is called:
    • Ubar-Tutu, which one source claims it means "Friend of the god Tutu"
    • In other versions it is Ziusudra, meaning "Life of long days."   
    • In the Akkadian version he is called Utnapištim (Utnapishtim "he has found (everlasting) life").
    • Elsewhere also called Atrahasïs ('exceedingly wise').
      
  
      This is a total of 5 cities - with 8 kings for 241,200 years or around 67 sar.
• This would only represent a total of 670 years, using 3,600 days for each sar.
• If a sar is equal to 18 years and 11 days it could be 1,194 years and 147.5 days.   
• Some claim the list starts with the 40^th sar after Adam, and the list begins 390 years after Adam and as the 1266^th year before the Flood.
  

• 1. Kic (Kish)- with 23 kings for 24,510 years, 3 months, 3 ^1/2 days, as you can see above these kings were reported to live at least 500 to 1500 years of age, based on their long reigns.   
  • When I totaled the Sumerian kings years ruled it is only 12,930 years for the 23 kings.   
    • From King 1 of Kish to King 12 it totals 9,250 years.   
    • At King 13, Etana, some scholars' start dating this as beginning at 2861 B.C. and end at king 23 as dated at 2581 B.C., this is only 230 years.   
    • But the Sumerian King List shows kings 13 through 23 ruling for 3,730 years.    There is an obvious error in one of the sources.   
      • Waddell proposed 26 kings for 430 years.   
      • The 24,510 years value is definitely wrong.    If the 230 years is correct, then the kings could only have ruled for an average of 21 years each, and as Waddell proposed the 26 kings could only have ruled for an average of 17 years each.
        
    • So in general this implies that the 23 Sumerian Kings of Kish were of another race or tribe developing along side of the Biblical patriarchs.   
    • Also in my work is the proposal that Abram was a tribe of people who endured from 5,000 B.C. to 2,000 B.C., where Abraham (the last of the tribe of Abram) came into the picture.
      
    • Other sources such as the Septuagint, equate to 1,093 years from the Flood till Terah begat Abram.    I promote that the Flood occurred in 6,000 B.C. and if deducting 1,093 years this would set Abram's birth at the end of the Age of Gemini around 4,907 B.C.
      
    • I am projecting these 23 kings to have started around 6000 B.C. as an offshoot of Noah, and this cities reign closed around 4000 B.C.
      
      Of interest to this dynasty is the recent archeological digs in 2005 of the Volume III - Sumerian city of Hamoukar.
  
  
• 2. E-ana/Unug (Uruk/Erech/Warka)- Early Dynastic-II, the Heroic Age (2700-2500 B.C.), with 12 kings for 2,310 years, other manuscripts has 3,588 years.   
  • I counted a total of 2,304 years that the 12 kings ruled.    The first king of Unug (Uruk) was estimated by scholars as dated between 2722 B.C. to the last one, king 12 at 2462 B.C., which is only 260 years.    Some of the Heroics of this age are Enmerkar, Lugal-banda, Dumuzid, and Gilgamec.   
  • Waddell's chart shows his king number 20 as Medi, who projects king 8 of Uruk as La-ba'cum would be dated around 3180 B.C. to 3100 B.C., with the rest of Unug kings between 3100-2900 B.C., a period of 230 years.
    
  • As most scholars estimate these 12 kings to have started around 3000 B.C., but most likely they started before 4000 B.C. when the city of Erech was founded and ended around 2400 B.C.    There is no archeological evidence for the existence of Gilgamesh, who some scholars' date around 2750 B.C.   
    • If these 12 kings ruled for 2,310 years then they would have ended this reign around 1,690 B.C., which is unrealistic.   
  • King #1 through King #5 totaled 2,170 years.
  • King #6, Ur-Nungul is dated at 2602 B.C. through King #12, Lugal-kitun ending at 2462 B.C., which is 140 years.
    
  
      From my work -- The Alpha and the Omega, Volume I -- by Jim A. Cornwell -- Chapter Four Section B page 371.
      EGYPT'S MAKING The Origins of Ancient Egypt 5000-2000 B.C. by Michael Rice - copyright 1990.
      Rice continues on pg. 98-100, "The Sumerians were earnest in the recording of long lists of their Kings, organized into city dynasties.    They did not set them in a strict chronological sequence, or rather the sequence which they employed is misleading since many of the reigns they record as following one upon the other were in fact overlapping and coterminous."
      As you will see in the next four cities (3,4,5 and 6) this is quite true, and follows suite with 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 also.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2570 B.C., which is the Early Dynastic-III (2500-2350 B.C.)
  
  
• 3. Urim (Ur)- and Lagash, Early Dynastic-III (2500-2350 B.C.), Uruk-IVa, with 4 kings for 171 years, and some sources have 5 Kings reigned for 177 years.   
  • Urim is the first list that the ruling years did not exceed the proposed time frame, of 177 years, which varies by 6 years at Urim king 1.    The dating goes from 2570-2393 B.C., which is 177 years.   
  • The first king here is from the royal dynasty name, Mesannepada, which has been found written on a golden plate, dated to 2600 B.C. with a votive inscription.
    
  
  
• 4. Awan- had 3 kings for 356 years.
  • The total years ruled is 356 years, but the dates of scholars is 2510-2435 B.C., which is only 75 years, and this overlaps the previous dynasty.
    
    
• 5. Kic (Kish)- Second Dynasty- with 8 kings for 3,195 years, other manuscripts has 3,792 years.
  • I only count 2,027 to 2,084 years ruled in the Kish Kings List, but the other manuscript variances do total to 3,195 years.    These large ages of these kings are unrealistic for this time frame.   
  • The scholars who provide dates only begin at Kish king 1 at 2581 B.C. to Kish king 8 ending at 2411 B.C., which is only 170 years.    This predates the First Dynasty of Ur by 11 years.   
  • The contemporary dynasties of Lagash dates from 2570 B.C.-2405 B.C.
    
  
  
• 6. Hamazi- with 1 king for 360 years.
  • Some claim king Hataniš reigned for 7 years around 2540-2534 B.C.
    
  
  Ending Date 2393 B.C., which is only 177 years based on the First Dynasty of Ur.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2462 B.C., which overlaps into previous period by 69 years, thus 2393 B.C. should be used.
  
  
• 7. Unug (Uruk/Erech)- Second Dynasty - had 3 kings for 187 years.
  • One source claims they ruled for 116 years between the dates 2462-2346 B.C.   
  • The contemporary dynasty of Lagash dated between 2404-2365 B.C.
    
  
  
• 8. Urim (Ur)- Second Dynasty - with 3 kings for 582 years, where other manuscripts show 578 years and also one has 2 kings for 120 + X years.   
  • The 3 kings only totals at 170 years ruled.
  • The scholars give them 81 years ruled and dates them from 2393-2352 B.C., which is only 41 years.   
  • This dynasty overlaps into the Second Dynasty of Unug about 69 years before it started.   
  • Where the Kings List gets 582 years for its kings is beyond me.   
  • The contemporary dynasty of Lagash dated between 2364-2342 B.C., which ends the dynasty.
    
  
  
• 9. Adab- had 1 king for 90 years, around 2490-2400 B.C.
  • This dynasty overlaps into the Second Dynasty of Unug about 28 years before it started.
    
  
  
• 10. Mari- with 6 kings for 136 years, other manuscripts 184 years, and for once the ruling ages of 136 years matches in all cases, except for some variations
  • The dating from 2470-2327 B.C. is 143 years.    This dynasty overlaps into the Second Dynasty of Unug about 8 years before it started and extends into the Fourth Dynasty of Kish.
    
  
  
• 11. Kic (Kish)- Third Dynasty - had 1 king who was a woman who ruled for 100 years.
  • It was dated around 2411-2381 B.C., which is only 30 years.
    
  
  
• 12. Akcak (Akšak)- with 6 kings for 99 years, other manuscripts has 116 years.    Also other manuscript has 5 kings for 87 years.   
  • I count 93 years ruled for 6 kings, but other manuscripts claim 99 years, as the date is between 2465-2365 B.C., which precedes the Second Dynasty of Unug by 3 years and extends into the Fourth Dynasty of Kish by 16 years.
    
  
  Ending Date 2381 B.C., which is only 12 years based on the Second Dynasty of Unug starts at 2393 B.C.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2381 B.C.
  
  
• 13. Kic (Kish)- Fourth Dynasty - some believe the Third and Fourth Dynasty may be one dynasty, with 7 kings for 491 years, and other manuscripts claim 485 years.    Also other manuscripts have 8 kings for 586 years.   
  • Here I counted 506 ruling years with a variation for 511 years for 8 kings.   
  • Kish king number 2, Ur-Zababa, for some reason ruled for 400 years, but other manuscripts claim it is 4 years, with 131 of those are years of Kug-Bau.    If it is 4 years, that brings the ruling years down to about 110 years, which is more in line with the dating of 2381-2268 B.C., at 113 years.
    
  
  
• 14. Unug (Uruk/Erech)- Third Dynasty, some manuscripts omit this dynasty, which has 1 king Lugalzagesi who defeated Urukagina of Lagash and became ruler of all Sumer for 25 years.
  • The dating for this is between 2346-2321 B.C.    Other manuscripts pose it as 34 years.   
  • This Dynasty overlaps into the Fourth Dynasty of Kish.
    
  
  Ending Date 2268 B.C., which is only 113 years based on the Fourth Dynasty of Kish.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2350 B.C., which overlaps into the previous Dynasty for 82 years.    So in chronology we start at 2268 B.C. for the following.
  
  
• 15. Agade- Empire of Sargon of Akkad (2350-2200 B.C.) with 11 kings for 181 years, other manuscripts has 12 kings for 197 years, and some omit Dudu and Cu-Durul, thus 9 kings for 161 years or 177 years.   .
  • This dynasty includes Sargon (2350-2330 B.C.), Naräm-Sîn, Gutians and the Sack of Akkad reigns.   
  • I counted around 201 ruling years for 11 kings, the dating 2350-2154 B.C. gives us 196 years.    If Sargon started at 2334 B.C., then it is 180 years.
    
  
  Ending Date 2154 B.C., which gives us 114 years time frame on the Dynasty of Agade.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2212 B.C., represents when the Gutians came into the picture, 58 years into the Dynasty of Agade, so we start at 2154 B.C. for the following dynasty.
  
  
• 16. Unug (Uruk/Erech)- Fourth Dynasty, with 5 kings for 30 years, where other manuscripts have 43 or 26 years.    Others omit Kuda and Puzur-ili, thus 3 kings for 47 years.   
  • The total ruling years is 30, and the dating 2144-2114 B.C. complies with that.   
  • Also the Ensi of Lagash was Gudea, which is dated at 2144-2124 B.C. or 2141-2122 B.C.   
  • Unug was abolished and the kingship was taken to the land of Gutium.
    
  
  
• 17. Gutium- [Gutians, (Guti or Quti)], had 21 kings for 124 years and 40 days, whereas other manuscripts show 25 years.   
  • I can count 21 Kings who reigned for 91 years and 40 days, and could be 98 years, and the dating goes from 2212-2114 B.C., which is 98 years.    There is no justification for the 124 years mentioned above.
    
  
  Ending date is 2114 B.C. for this dynasty, representing a 40-year time frame.
  
  

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  Starting Date 2114 B.C., for the New Sumerian Age.
  
  
• 18. Unug (Uruk/Erech)- Fifth Dynasty, the New Sumerian age, had 1 king for 427 years and ? days, and other manuscripts had 26 years, 2 + X months, and 15 days, or 7 years, 6 months, and 15 days, or 7 years, 6 months, and 5 days.   
  • That 1 king could reign for 427 years in this time period seems most unlikely, and is probably more in line with 7 years, 6 months and 15 days, as per the dating 2114-2107 B.C.
    
  
  
• 19. Urim (Ur)- Third Dynasty (Ur-III), called the Neo Sumerian Renaissance (2100-2000 B.C.), with 4 kings for 108 years.    Other manuscripts have 5 kings for 117 years, or 120 + X years, or 123 years.   
  • I only counted 106 ruler years for the 5 Kings, but others claim it is 108 to 109 years.   
  • The first king Ur-nammu (Urnammu), was the most well-known to us today because he is sometimes tagged as the ruler who built the "Tower of Babel," which in reality he only built a new ziggurat on top of an older structure.
    
  • The dating goes from 2107/2112 B.C. to 1999/2004 B.C., which is 108 years.   
  • The end of the Ur-III period or dynasty is caused by an attack of the Elamites around 2004-2000 B.C., which destroyed Ur, also hastened by internal discord.    With help of semi nomads from the west the Elamites captures the capital Ur and dismissed the last ruler.    Many archives were buried under the ruins.
    
  
  Ending Date 2000 B.C., for the Third Dynasty of Urim, gives a time frame of 114 years.
  
  

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  Then we start the Old Babylonian period, which goes from 2000 to 1600 B.C.
  
  
• 20. Isin- for the Isin-Larsa period (2000-1800 B.C.) also the Early Old Babylonian period and the archeological period is the Middle Bronze Age.    Kings of Isin often have Amorite names.    There are 14 kings for 203 years, and other manuscripts have 225 years and 6 months.   
  • I counted 236 ruling years for 15 Kings, and the dating from 2017-1794 B.C., is only 223 years.   
  • Here they found the tablet belonging to Nur-Ninšubur, which is now called the Weld-Blundell prism.   
  • Isin had the city of Larsa as rival between 2025-1763 B.C.
    

• Old Assyrian empire --------(1900-1400 B.C.)
  
• Middle Assyrian empire ---(1400-1000 B.C.)
  
• New Assyrian empire -------(884-612 B.C.)
  

    This file was created on November 20, 2004, and has been updated on March 31, 2005, December 31, 2006, and March 15, 2007.