• Sumerian ka₅-(a): fox.
  • Sumerian ka: mouth.
  • Sumerian ká: gate.
  • In Sumerian Myth, when Enki ate her children, Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in order to undo the damage.    She joins with Enki again and bears eight new children, one to cure each of the wounds.
• Fox.
  • Hebrew shuw'al, shoo-awl', or shu'al, from the same as Heb. sho'al, sho'-al, from an unused root meaning to hollow out, the palm, a handful, hollow of the band, thus a jackal (as a burrower), fox.
• KAD, (the lofty) Mesopotamian / Sumerian, solar title as an uplifted hand with fingers erect.
  • Egyptian hieroglyph shows two uplifted hands conjoined with a phonetic value of Ka.
  • "King Ka," Ka derived from the sign Kad or Kat, with the final d dropped as a derivation of the Egyptian hieroglyph.    (Note Ka'a).

    To return to the Sumerian City of Kic (Kish) - First Dynasty in regard to the first Sumerian king Jacur after the Flood with the Akkadian name Mashkakatu as seen in the following section.

Sumerian GÁN.ÙR(.RA) (GISH.GÁN.ÙR), "The Harrow."    The Ploughing of Ursa Major, (gán, field + ùr, to drag over the ground + ra, + nominative).

• Sumerian giš-gána-ùr-ra: harrow ('tool' + 'field' + 'to drag over the ground').
  • One source claims that "The Harrow" or the Sumerian (GISH).GAN.UR, is the weapon of d.A.E, in which one sees the Apsu, Sumerian AB.ZU, "hole" or "entry" to the underworld.
  • Sumerian giš...ùr: to harrow (often with -ni-) ('tool' + 'drag').
  • Sumerian gána, gán: tract of land, field parcel; (flat) surface; measure of surface; cultivation (cf., iku).
    • Sumerian gana, gan: n., stand, rack, support; v., to bring forth, bear.
    • Sumerian ^kušdùg-gan: leather bag ('gladness' + 'to bring forth').
    • Sumerian dakkan, daggan: harem, living quarters (dag, 'dwelling', + gan, 'to bear').
    • Sumerian šakan, šagan: a large jar for oil (šag₄/šà, 'stomach, container', + gan, 'to bring forth').
    • Sumerian šákan: official in charge of expenditures - comptroller (šu, 'portion', + gan, 'to bring forth'; cf. also, šaggina).
  • Sumerian ùr: drag.
    • Sumerian uru₄, ur₁₁(-ru): to plow, till, cultivate.
    • Sumerian uru₉: stanchion, support.
    • Sumerian uru₁₆: huge.
  • Sumerian (.RA) + nominative ending.
    • Sumerian ga-àr-ra: cheese ('milk' + 'to chew' + nominative).
    • Sumerian ra-ah: to strike [with a hoe].
    • Sumerian ra(-g/h): n., inundation; v., to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta-).
    • Sumerian rá: (cf., re₇).
    • Sumerian rà: (cf., ara₄).
    • Sumerian a-ra-zu: prayer ('tears' + 'to overflow' + 'to inform').
    • Sumerian a-še-ra: lamentation (Semitic loan?).
    • Sumerian an-ta-sur-ra: a stone ('heaven' + 'from' + 'boundary marker' + a, 'the').
    • Sumerian ga-ba-ra-hum: revolt (gaba, 'rival' + 'to overflow' + 'to smash, break').
    • Note: RA, Sumerian Re, "Sun, bright, Sun-god."
    • Sumerian šún: n., star. v., to shine brightly.
  • Sumerian giš, geš: tree; wood; wooden implement; scepter; tool; organ; plow; natural phenomenon.
    • Sumerian gish, wood or tree, seen as four wedges forming a rectangle.
    • Sumerian giš-gi: reed bank, thicket ('tree' + 'reed').
    • Sumerian giš-gíd-da: long wood; punting pole; javelin, spear ('wood' + 'long' + nominative).
    • Sumerian giš-gíg: a date palm ('tree' + 'black, dark').
    • Sumerian giš-si₄: a date palm ('tree' + 'red-brown').
    • Sumerian giš...tag: to make a religious offering, sacrifice (often with dative) ('tree' + 'to adorn').
• Akkadian Mashkakatu, "The Harrow."
  • Akkadian marru "hoe, spade" from Semitic root "to hoe, farm".
  • Sumerian engar: irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; from the Akkadian 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate").
  • Plowman.
    • Hebrew 'ikkar, ik-kawr', from an unused root meaning to dig, a farmer, husbandman, ploughman.
• Harrow.
  • Hebrew sadad, saw-dad', a primary root to abrade, i.e. harrow, a field, break clods, harrow, other sources call it the Hebrew verb sadhadh, breakup or harrow the ground, till.
• Note also see the notes in the Zodiac of Denderah regarding a great ploughshare under Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

    To return to the Sumerian City of Bad-tibira or Sumerian City of Unug (Uruk/Erech/Warka) - First Dynasty in reference to Dumuzid or go to the Sumerian Dumuzi, which is connected to Cancer Introduction.

    Dumuzi (In Egypt and Hebrew Tammuz, from Babylonian Du'uzu) was a harvest god (late summer month) of ancient Mesopotamia, Akkad, and Sumerian god of vegetation and the under-world.
    One source claims that Orion's name Uru-anna, "Light of Heaven," is the Akkadian god Duwu-zi (or Tammuz), same as Sumerian deity Nin-girsu, or "Lord of the Riverbank."    His mother was Ningizzida (Ningishzida), an ancestor of Gilgamesh, consort of Ianna (Ishtar).
    Babylonian Du'uzu, is the name of a god (Dumuzi).

• Sumerian uzu: flesh; cut of meat; omen.   
  • Sumerian ezen: festival, feast (uzu, 'cut of meat', + en, 'time').

• Sumerian DUMU.USH.É.MAH, Polaris (?) the North Star or a Polaris in Ursa Minor.
  The Sumerian Dumuzi, basically consist of the following connections (dumu, son + uš, to stand upon + é, house + mah, high),
  this would equate to "The Son Who Stands in the High House," which could correlate with Polaris removing Thuban as the Polestar.
  • Sumerian dumu: child; son; daughter (dú, 'to bear, give birth', + mú, 'to sprout, grow'; probably pronounced domu), probably faithful son.
  • Sumerian uš, ús: n., foundation (cf., gíš); v., to support, lift; to stand upon.
    • Sumerian úš: n., blood; blood vessel; death; v., to die; to kill (singular hamtu stem); adj., dead.
      • Sumerian ùš: placental membrane, afterbirth.
      • Sumerian uš₈: foundation place, base.
      • Sumerian uš₁₁: venom, poison; spittle, slaver; moistening; spell, charm.
  • Sumerian é: house, household; temple.
    • Sumerian è: (cf., éd).
    • Sumerian e₁₁: (cf., èd).
  • Sumerian mah: v., to be or make large; adj., high, exalted, great, lofty, sublime.
    • Sumerian dub-sar-mah: chief scribe ('scribe' + 'high').
    • Sumerian sukkal-mah: vizier ('minister' + 'grand').
    • Sumerian ur-mah: lion ('carnivorous beast' + 'mighty').
    • Sumerian makkaš₍₂₎: wailing; clamor (mah, 'great',? + kuš₇, 'devastation').
• Another source claims Sumerian DAMU.ZID, "the flawl," DUMU.ZI "rebirth."

• The cult of Dumuzi the Shepherd (Uruk, fourth millennium BC) "comprises both happy celebration of the marriage of the god with Inanna (who, originally, it seems, was the goddess of the communal storehouse) and bitter laments when he dies as the dry heat of summer yellows the pastures and lambing, calving, and milking come to an end."    - Thorkild Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness.
• "The predynastic Egyptians worshipped the feminine principle, the great mother goddess [Tuart] represented by the seven stars of Ursa Major and her child Sirius the dog star, or Set.    Sirius was also represented by the same symbol as his mother, whom he is supposed to have fecundated."    - Peter Tompkins, The Magic of Obelisks.
     Sirius is a star in the constellation Canis Major.
• Sumerian PA+USAN: a shepherd.
  • Sumerian gába[KAB]-ra: shepherd boy/girl.
    • Sumerian kabar: shepherd boy (ká, 'gate', + bar, 'to open').
  • Sumerian sipad, sibad, sipa; šuba; sub_2,3: n., shepherd; keeper; v., to pasture, tend (si, 'to keep in order', + bad, 'to let out', or pàd, 'to find').
    • Sumerian sipad-ama-[ŠA.]GAN: shepherd of mother animals ('shepherd' + 'mother' + 'to bring forth').
    • Sumerian sipad-amar-ru-ga: shepherd of brought back (?) ('shepherd' + 'young ones' + rúg, 'to restore' + genitive).
    • Sumerian sipad-udu-siki-ka: shepherd of wool sheep ('shepherd' + 'sheep' + 'wool' + double genitive).
  • Sumerian SUD-la: a quality of the ground ('shepherd' + 'sheep' + 'wool' + double genitive).
  • Sumerian mùnsub: shepherd.

    Although unrelated to the fourth month, this may correlate with the cohorts of Dumuzi.

• Egyptian Uaz or Waz, was considered a vegetation goddess, and pictured as a conventional papyrus.
  •     .
• Sumerian Buz, was the vegetation goddess, or "The Lady of the Earth," pictured as a sprout or serpent.
  •     .

• Sumerian èš: shrine.
  • Sumerian eš_(2,3)-da: ceremony ('shrine' + 'with, near').
  • Sumerian eš_2,3-dam: tavern; brothel ('shrine' + 'spouse').
  • Sumerian èš-èš: a festival (reduplicated 'shrine').
  • Sumerian eresh, queen, mistress.
  • Sumerian éš-gán: surveyor's rope ('rope' + 'surface measure').
  • Sumerian éše, éš: rope; measuring tape/cord (eš, 'much', + eš, 'much').
  • Sumerian éš: (cf., éše).
  • Sumerian eš_5,6,16,21: three.
• Sumerian aš_3,4,8: six (ía, 'five', + aš, 'one').
  • Sumerian aš: one; unique.
  • Sumerian aš(5): spider.
  • Sumerian áš: n., wish; curse (abbreviated tàš ?, ašte ? [ašte: need; necessity; desirable or beloved object (á, 'side', + šita4, 'to bind, join').]); v., to desire; to curse.
  • Sumerian a-na-aš(-am): why ('what' + 'one' + 'to be').
  • Sumerian eš-bar: decision ('much' + 'to divide'; cf., ka-aš-bar).
• Sumerian dar: n., francolin, pheasant. v., to slice, split; to shatter (reduplication class).
  • Sumerian dàr: (cf., dàra).
  • Sumerian a-dar-túnku6: a fish ('water' + 'to slice' + 'to smash').
  • Sumerian á...dar: to confiscate ('wages' + 'to split').
  • Sumerian dar-ra: cured, dried (?).
  
  
• Sumerian unug, unu₆ [TEMEN-ÈŠ]: elevated shrine, temple.

    To return to the Sumerian City of E-ana/Unug (Uruk/Erech/Warka) - First Dynasty or the Decan of Jupiter in regard to Enmerkar.

    In the Early Dynastic-II period (2700-2500 B.C.), from archeological records the city walls were expanded in Uruk (Sumerian unug, or the Biblical Erech) near modern Warka (the same root consonants *'rk with a different vocalization), during this period.
    Sumerian EN.MER.KAR, Enmerkar (Emmerkar??) or SAG.ME.GAR, was king of Uruk, called en 'lord,' was the first to write on clay tablets and Kullub (Caleb?) has as epithet 'he who build Uruk' known from two epics, with no known inscription or archeological proof of his existence.    The texts refer to commercial and military contacts with a city called Aratta (not yet localized, probably in Iran), where the Sumerian goddess Inanna (later Akkadian Ištar, Ishtar) and (supreme god An) Dumuzi were also worshipped.    Gilgameš (Gilgamesh) is grandson of Enmerkar.    The Assyrian version is in the library of Aššurbanipal (around 650 B.C.) dating to 1700 B.C., and Sumerian fragments dated around 2000 B.C.    The royal dynasty name, Mesannepada, does date to 2600 B.C.

To see Star Names for Ursa Major or return to Constellation Names for Ursa Major.

    This file was updated on November 20, 2004.